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Refugee Shelters include the most basic kind of structure created in the aftermath of a conflict or natural disaster as a temporary residence for victims who have lost or abandoned their homes. Refugees are persons fleeing their homes or countries of origin due to natural disasters and political or religious persecution in search of refuge and resettlement. After resettlement many refugees face crowded, noisy, dirty, disease filled grounds where thousands of families are cramped together and surviving day by day.〔UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency." UNHCR News. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. There is a continuum of shelter structure ranging from the most temporary tent accommodation through transitional shelter to building permanent houses and settlements. Refugees often experience a more permanent, temporary, status and can be found living in camps and in these shelters for upwards of a decade. Design models, disaster-relief programs, and land tenure issues play a large role in the progression of recovery and categorization of settlements as temporary. Disasters, particularly those triggered by nature, are often followed by a swift humanitarian relief response. Emergency humanitarian relief focuses on responding to the immediate need for restoration of basic services, medical treatment and medical supplies, food, and temporary shelter; and is a short-term, strenuous and often improvised effort. The reconstruction of permanent houses, on the other hand, is a continuous process that often requires decades of effort to return a community to normality. Most of the world's refugees wait for durable solutions for their predicament and while most have been granted provisional or temporary asylum in neighboring countries, they are not able to regularize their status or integrate. == Conditions / Camps == Unlike most normal construction projects, post-disaster housing projects are diverse in nature, have unique socio-cultural and economical requirements and are extremely dynamic. Due to the immediate need of resources, shelter, and medical services created by disaster or conflict, a quick, affordable, and available solution in the form of tents is usually implemented. For the majority of refugee populations under direct aid via government or humanitarian relief groups, camps of thousands live in these small scout-style tents.〔Al-Khatib, Issam A., and Ahmad Ju'ba. "Impact of Housing Conditions on the Health of the People at Al-Ama'ri Refugee Camp in the West Bank of Palestine."International Journal of Environmental Health Research 13.4 (2003): 315-26. Print.〕 These emergency shelters consist of unplanned and spontaneously sought locations that are intended only to provide protection from the elements and typically constructed in large open areas that soon become crowded, uncomfortable, and unsafe. Simple tent structures, grouped together to form a "tent city", are commonly made of canvas military issue tents which are criticized for being heavy, bulky, uninsulated, poorly made and for rotting in under a year.〔Murphy, Denis, and David Ndegwa. "Mental Health of Refugees in Inner-London."Psychiatric Bulletin 26.6 (2002): n. pag. Print.〕 Extensive issues have been encountered in refugee camps throughout the world. Problems have been described as such: lack of privacy, lack of private life; lack of space; all family members forced to sleep in the same space; lack of opportunity to consider feelings of others, including fear, sadness and grief; weather conditions; disease-ridden; the presence of public toilets and their sanity; considerations of hygiene; toilets constantly being blocked; lack of water, including for laundry and dish-washing; heating, cooling, electricity problems; humidity; leakage of rain water into the housing space; the presence of insects; lack of windows; lack of sunlight in the houses; transportation to and from the housing location; difficulty of obtaining food; and insufficient quantity of shelters.〔Yuksel, B. and Hasirci D. "An Analysis of Physical and Psychological Expectations of Earthquake Victims from Temporary Shelters: A Design Proposal." METU JFA 29 (2012): 225-40.〕 A quote from a journalist recording the daily lives of refugees in Palestine expresses her feelings after visiting a camp for the first time: "Entering the refugee camp, I feel I am entering some medieval ghetto. I walk along a narrow alleyway, skirting an open sewage ditch. I pass tens of dozens of one and two-room houses, each leaning on the other for support. I am in a ghetto without streets, sidewalks, gardens, patios, trees, flowers, plazas, or shops—among an uprooted, stateless, scattered people who, like the Jews before them, are in a tragic diaspora. I pass scores of small children, the third generation of Palestinians born in the ghetto that has almost as long a history as the state of Israel itself. Someone has said that for every Jew who was brought in to create a new state, a Palestinian Arab was uprooted and left homeless."〔Halsell, Grace. Journey to Jerusalem. New York: Macmillan, 1999. Print.〕 The aim of refugee shelter is to protect the family from outside dangers and create spaces inside to protect their privacy and bring back feelings of security. However, Current temporary housing situations often lack several qualities of homes that are significant at this stage for victims, such as windows, warmth, color, space, and security (Evans & Wells, 2003, p485). The problem of noise also contributes negatively to the privacy of the residents of temporary houses. Sounds of crying people after an earthquake or other disaster are chronic in neighboring houses. Additional damage is caused by rain, leading to floods, and gas leaks which often create fires. In these secondary disasters, temporary housing units frequently become dysfunctional, and the disaster-victims become homeless once again.〔Rueff, H., and A. Viaro. "Palestinian Refugee Camps: From Shelter to Habitat." Refugee Survey Quarterly 28.2-3 (2010): 339-59〕 The design of temporary houses is especially important as these are the first spaces that provide a degree of normality after the disaster. Temporary housing is initially modeled only to account for vital and functional needs of victims during the period of resettlement. Agencies design their models with the premise of meeting the individuals’ basic needs in addition to creating awareness regarding the need for a “home” instead of merely a shelter after a forced resettlement.〔Yuksel, B. and Hasirci D. "An Analysis of Physical and Psychological Expectations of Earthquake Victims from Temporary Shelters: A Design Proposal." METU JFA 29 (2012): 225-40.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Refugee shelter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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